Aerial spraying to combat spongy moth caterpillars starts in Patton Township. What to know
A low-flying helicopter in Patton Township sprayed 1,250 acres of wooded neighborhoods early Tuesday morning to control spongy moth caterpillar activity.
The helicopter sprayed a biological insecticide, Foray 48B, and homes in the spray areas received notification via postcard, according to a press release from the township. Still, some nearby residents took to social media Tuesday morning to ask about the low-flying helicopter.
No other spray dates are currently planned.
The chemicals used to combat spongy moths are generally considered safe for humans and other creatures. Patton Township is using Foray 48B, whose active ingredient is bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, commonly referred to as just BtK. The insecticide is powered by a natural soil bacterium that produces a protein that binds to specific receptors found in the guts of only butterflies and moths (lepidopterans) in their larval stages, eventually contributing to stomach poisoning and leading to death, according to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT THE SPONGY MOTH
While they may look like any run-of-the-mill caterpillar, spongy moths are one of the most costly invasive insects in Pennsylvania.
They were first introduced in Massachusetts in 1869 by a French scientist attempting to discover a disease-resistant caterpillar to help increase silk production, according to the Pennsylvania Game Commission.
The insects were first detected in northeastern Pennsylvania in the early 1930s and prompted significant forest damage over the years, including notable recent outbreaks between 2013 and 2019. The most recent spongy moth outbreak in the commonwealth began in 2021.
Spongy moths’ danger comes from their feeding habits that can strip trees of their leaves. According to the DCNR, they prefer to eat the leaves of oak trees, though they are known to also feed on hundreds of other tree and shrub species, including:
- Apple
- Alder
- Aspens
- Basswood
- Birches
- Hawthorn
- Hemlock
- Tamarack (larch)
- Pines
- Spruces
- Willows
- Witch hazel
Spongy moths in their caterpillar stage have the largest appetite since they need the energy to aid their growth. Adults, meanwhile, do not feed.
Defoliation from spongy moths and other insects can ultimately kill trees, the DCNR says. That process can often take more than a year, but some defoliated conifers can die after just a single season. On the other hand, a particularly healthy tree that was defoliated can refoliate the next year if it is strong enough.
Much like the dreaded spotted lanternflies, spongy moth habits are a leading factor behind damage to trees and crops throughout the U.S. The Pennsylvania Game Commission estimates foliage-eating like spongy moths cause an estimated $868 million in annual damages across the country.
ARE SPONGY MOTH SPRAYS DANGEROUS?
No. BtK treatments like the one used by Patton Township can affect non-target butterflies and moths, but the insecticide is effective against only those that are already in the larval stage. Ever-popular monarch butterflies, for example, do not lay eggs in northern states until late spring or early summer. Some larvae are often not spotted in Pennsylvania until late June or early July, according to the Monarch Joint Venture, a nonprofit committed to building partnerships that help conserve monarch butterflies and other pollinators. Larvae that are not present for insecticide sprays should not be affected.
Spongy moths typically lay their eggs in the summer before masses hatch the following spring. Mid-May through early June presents the best window for insecticide treatment because at least 50% of the caterpillars are in their second stage, the DCNR says.
Bt-centered insecticides have “the highest known degree of safety to human health and the environment of any insecticide currently on the market,” the DCNR said.
Tebufenozide, sometimes referred to as Mimic 2LV, is another insecticide used in Pennsylvania, though it’s often reserved for only difficult-to-control populations that resisted BtK use in the past, the DCNR says. Its use is more common in dry, upland ridges of central and eastern Pennsylvania where spongy moth populations first congregate during an outbreak cycle.
Aerial sprays are often conducted by helicopter or by a fixed-wing aircraft to apply “a low volume of insecticide” to forest canopies, the DCNR says. Targeted sites are determined by surveys that examine spongy moth egg masses and other indicators that suggest populations are increasing or have the potential to cause “major defoliation.”
Neither insecticide is known to affect bees or other non-lepidopteran insects. Because high doses of tebufenozide can impact aquatic invertebrates, Pennsylvania’s Bureau of Forestry requires a 300-foot buffer around open bodies of water.
Spongy moths themselves are not known to have many direct effects on humans outside of itchy, red rashes that may arise if they come into contact with skin, Cornell researchers say. Spongy moth caterpillar “hair,” or setae, carries histamines that can produce such a reaction.
Previous reporting from Matt DiSanto was used in this story.
